Irrigation sprinkler - Wikipedia

An irrigation sprinkler (also known as a water sprinkler or simply a sprinkler) is a device used to irrigate (water) agricultural crops, lawns, landscapes, golf courses, and other areas.[1] They are also used for cooling and for the control of airborne dust.[2] Sprinkler irrigation is the method of applying water in a controlled manner that mimics rainfall. The water is distributed through a network that may consist of pumps, valves, pipes, and sprinklers.[3]

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Irrigation sprinklers can be used for residential, industrial, and agricultural usage.[1] It is useful on uneven land where sufficient water is not available as well as on sandy soil. The perpendicular pipes, having rotating nozzles on top, are joined to the main pipeline at regular intervals. When water is pressurized through the main pipe it escapes from the rotating nozzles. It gets sprinkled on the crop. In sprinkler or overhead irrigation, water is piped to one more central locations within the field and distributed by overhead high pressure sprinklers or guns.

Types

Industrial

Rotating sprinkler-heads for higher pressures are driven by a ball drive, gear drive, or impact mechanisms. They can be designed to rotate in a full or partial circle.

Rainguns are similar to impact sprinklers, except that they generally operate at very high pressures of 2.8 to 9.0 bar (280 to 900 kPa; 40 to 130 lbf/in2) and flows of 3 to 76 L/s (50 to 1,200 US gal/min), usually with nozzle diameters in the range of 10 to 50 mm (0.5 to 1.9 in). In addition to irrigation, guns are used for industrial applications such as dust suppression and logging.

Many irrigation sprinklers are buried in the ground along with their supporting plumbing, although above ground and moving sprinklers are also common. Most irrigation sprinklers operate through electric and hydraulic technology and are grouped together in zones that can be collectively turned on and off by actuating a solenoid valve.

Residential

Home lawn sprinklers vary widely in their size, cost, and complexity. They include impact sprinklers, oscillating sprinklers, drip sprinklers, underground sprinkler systems, and portable sprinklers. Permanently installed systems may often operate on timers or other automated processes. They are occasionally installed with retractable heads for aesthetic and practical reasons, reducing damage during lawn mowing. These types of systems usually can be programmed to start automatically on a set time and day each week.

Small portable sprinklers can be placed temporarily on lawns if additional watering is needed or if no permanent system is in place. These are often attached to an outdoor water faucet and are placed for a short period of time. Other systems may be professionally installed permanently in the ground and are attached permanently to a home's plumbing system.

An antique sprinkler developed by Nomad called a 'set-and-forget tractor sprinkler' was used in Australia in the s. Water pressure ensured that the sprinkler moved slowly across a lawn.[4]

Agricultural science

The first use of sprinklers by farmers was some form of home and golf course type sprinklers. These ad hoc systems, while doing the job of the buried pipes and fixed sprinkler heads, interfered with cultivation and were expensive to maintain. Center-pivot irrigation was invented in [5] by farmer Frank Zybach, who lived in Strasburg, Colorado. In the s, Stout-Wyss Irrigation System, a firm based in Portland, Oregon, developed a rolling pipe type irrigation system for farms that has become the most popular type for farmers irrigating large fields. With this system, large wheels attached to the large pipes with sprinkler heads move slowly across the field.[6]

Underground

Underground sprinklers function through means of basic electronic and hydraulic technology. This valve and all of the sprinklers that will be activated by this valve are known as a zone. Upon activation, the solenoid, which sits on top of the valve is magnetized lifting a small stainless steel plunger in its center. By doing this, the activated (or raised) plunger allows water to escape from the top of a rubber diaphragm located in the center of the valve. Water that has been charged and waiting on the bottom of this same diaphragm now has the higher pressure and lifts the diaphragm. This pressurized water is then allowed to escape down stream of the valve through a series of pipes, usually made of PVC (higher pressure commercial systems) or polyethylene pipe (for typically lower pressure residential systems). At the end of these pipes and flush to ground level (typically) are pre measured and spaced out sprinklers. These sprinklers can be fixed spray heads that have a set pattern and generally spray between 1.5 and 2 m (5 and 7 ft), full rotating sprinklers that can spray a broken stream of water from 6 to 12 m (20 to 40 ft), or small drip emitters that release a slow, steady drip of water on more delicate plants such as flowers and shrubs. Use of indigenous materials also recommended.[7]

Health risks

In , it was reported that use of common garden hoses in combination with spray nozzles may generate aerosols containing droplets smaller than 10 μm (0.39 mils), which can be inhaled by nearby people. Water stagnating in a hose between uses, especially when warmed by the sun, can host the growth and interaction of Legionella and free-living amoebae (FLA) as biofilms on the inner surface of the hose. Clinical cases of Legionnaires' disease or Pontiac fever have been found to be associated with inhalation of garden hose aerosols containing Legionella bacteria. The report provides measured microbial densities resulting from controlled hose conditions in order to quantify the human health risks. The densities of Legionella spp. identified in two types of hoses were found to be similar to those reported during legionellosis outbreaks from other causes. It has been proposed to mitigate the risk by draining hoses after use.[8]

Gallery

• An underground sprinkler system about to be installed
• Impact sprinkler watering crops.
• Impact sprinkler in Bursa, Turkey
• Another impact sprinkler
• Small part-circle impact sprinkler for residential lawns
• Overhead sprinkler
• Yet another impact sprinkler in action
• Sprinkler for children
• A faulty lawn sprinkler
• Irrigation sprinkler in farm field
• Irrigation sprinkler in a football stadium

See also

• Drip irrigation
• Feynman sprinkler
• Irrigation
• Sprinkler system timer

Beautiful outdoor areas are an art form in addition to being aesthetically pleasing. Landscape design necessitates expertise in combining functionality and visual appeal. It is a meticulously planned procedure that converts ordinary yards into stunning views. The foundation of good landscaping is proper design, material selection, and, most significantly, a functional water irrigation system. This technique guarantees that plants thrive, flowers bloom, and the landscape flourishes year-round.  

When it comes to irrigation system installation, a lawn sprinkler is rapidly gaining popularity. This is because sprinkler irrigation systems work best in all field situations. Sprinkler systems distribute water uniformly and efficiently. 

What is Sprinkler Irrigation System?

The sprinkler irrigation system watered your farm like normal rains. Water is pumped through a network of pipes before being dispersed by sprinklers, resulting in tiny droplets that fall evenly across the soil surface. Spray heads at the terminals provide full coverage.

Sprinklers are adaptable and can be used for any garden, landscape irrigation, or field, giving enough coverage for small to big areas. Their diverse discharge capacity enables them to be employed on practically all types of irrigable soils. However, sprinkler systems can easily become blocked owing to sediments or rain, and bigger systems necessitate a major capital investment.   

What are the Benefits of Sprinkler Irrigation?

When used correctly, a feature-rich sprinkler irrigation system can provide numerous advantages over traditional irrigation methods. This is why it’s growing more popular among farmers. Here are some of the major benefits of sprinkler irrigation:

• Efficient Water Use: Sprinkler systems are designed to provide water directly to plants, reducing runoff and evaporation. This allows them to use water far more efficiently than other irrigation methods, such as flood irrigation.
• Precision Irrigation: Sprinkler systems enable exact control over the amount of water delivered to individual plants. This is especially significant for lawns that require varying amounts of water at different phases of growth.
• Improved Herb Growth and Yield: Sprinkler systems can boost herb and veggie growth and productivity by giving the appropriate amount of water at the right time. 
• Flexible Irrigation Scheduling: Sprinkler systems enable farmers to irrigate their crops at the most appropriate periods. This can assist in cutting water usage and energy expenses while still ensuring that plants get enough water to develop.
• Reduced Soil Erosion and Nutrient Loss: Sprinkler systems can help to prevent soil erosion and nutrient loss by directing water to plants in a regulated manner. This leads to healthier lawns.
• Reduced Labor Expenses: Sprinkler systems can help to lower labor expenses by automating the irrigation process. This allows you to focus on more critical chores like planting and pest management.

Major Components of Sprinkler Irrigation System:

Types of Sprinklers Based on Precipitation

Different types of sprinklers are designed to provide varying rates of precipitation, ensuring efficient water distribution for different landscapes and irrigation needs. Here are the types of sprinklers based on precipitation:

Rotary Sprinklers:

• Emit water in a rotating pattern, covering a circular area.
• Suitable for large lawns, parks, and fields.
• Adjustable nozzles control distance and water flow.

Impact Sprinklers:

• Emit water through a swinging arm, creating a distinct “impact” sound.
• Ideal for large areas and uneven terrain.
• Adjustable deflector plates regulate coverage.

Fixed Spray Sprinklers:

• Discharge water in a fixed pattern, usually in a fan or rectangular shape.
• Suitable for small to medium-sized lawns, flower beds, and gardens.
• Available in various spray patterns and distances.

Pop-Up Sprinklers:

• Installed underground and pop up when activated, retracting when not in use.
• Commonly used in residential lawns and landscapes.
• Offer precise water distribution and disappear when not in operation.

Oscillating Sprinklers:

• Move back and forth, creating a fan-shaped spray.
• Best suited for rectangular or square areas.
• Suitable for medium-sized lawns and gardens.

Drip Sprinklers:

• Deliver water directly to the root zone of plants through a network of tubes and emitters.
• Ideal for water-efficient irrigation and individual plants or rows.
• Minimize water wastage and reduce evaporation.

Gear-Driven Sprinklers:

• Use gears to rotate the nozzle and distribute water in a controlled manner.
• Suited for medium to large lawns and landscapes.
• Provide consistent and even coverage.

Bubbler Sprinklers:

• Emit water in a gentle, bubbling manner, preventing soil erosion.
• Suitable for watering shrubs, trees, and flower beds.
• Offer targeted and localized irrigation.

Multi-Stream Sprinklers:

• Emit multiple streams of water in a circular or square pattern.
• Designed for watering larger areas with reduced runoff.
• Suitable for lawns, gardens, and flower beds.

Micro-Sprinklers:

• Similar to traditional sprinklers but on a smaller scale.
• Ideal for smaller gardens, pots, and hanging baskets.
• Provide precise water application to specific areas.

What is the sprinkler system installation cost?

First and foremost, while it may seem obvious, each yard (and sprinkler installation process) is unique. This is an important consideration when calculating the cost of installing a sprinkler system. On average, a new sprinkler installation costs between $ and $. 

Here are the Main Factors Affecting Sprinkler Installation Cost:

Area:

This is probably the most evident aspect influencing the typical cost of a sprinkler system. The whole acreage of your property’s watering area will naturally influence the quantity of materials required, such as PVC pipe, polyethylene pipes, and sprinkler heads. Simply put, the more grass to water, the more materials we’ll need to install.

At Outdoor Makeover and Living Spaces, our crew also considers your entire irrigation plan. For example, a wide-open 10-acre site will necessitate a different strategy than a 10-acre property with a lot of ` or other barriers, such as fencing. The variety and difficulty levels of your watering area might have an equal impact on your sprinkler system estimate as the overall area. 

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Types of Sprinkler Heads:

Expanding on the previous point, the types of sprinkler heads necessary to maintain 100% water coverage on your property will have an impact on the total cost of your residential sprinkler system. No two yards are exactly alike, and in the realm of sprinkler installation, that means no two installations are identical.

Your lawn’s zone type will determine the supplies and labor required.

Zone types can be divided into three categories: turf, landscape, and drip zones. The primary difference between the three is the amount of water required in each location to attain the necessary growth levels.

For example, a drip zone slowly drops water directly to the roots of your garden or landscape, but it requires a specific installation with separate pipes to accomplish that gradual drip. 

On the other hand, Broad turf zones work best with a cycle and soak program in which the heads provide a vast area of water coverage for short periods before allowing the water to soak into the soil beneath your grass before resuming the process.

The number of each sort of zone (and the matching sprinkler heads) has a direct impact on your total costs. 

Type of Water Tap Required

Irrigation systems will also require different sorts of water taps, implying that the “hook up” to your main water supply will be of varying difficulty.

For example, a simple pit tap close to your water meter is easier (and less expensive) to install than connecting to a deeply buried copper water line.

Sprinkler system installation requires hiring a professional plumber to connect to the water main, which raises the cost of the installation. 

Are You Interested in Installing a Sprinkler System?

Every drop of water conserved improves the overall health of Atlanta’s ecosystems. Outdoor Makeover and Living Spaces assist you in implementing more effective irrigation practices, considerably lowering water wastage and helping our state’s sustainability goals. So, what are you waiting for? Contact us today!

FAQ’s

What is a sprinkler irrigation system? A sprinkler irrigation system is a method of watering plants, lawns, or agricultural fields by spraying water through a network of pipes and sprinklers, mimicking natural rainfall.

How does a sprinkler irrigation system work? The system uses a series of pipes and sprinklers to distribute water evenly across the area. Water is pumped from a source, such as a well or municipal supply, and delivered through the pipes to the sprinklers, which spray the water onto the plants or lawn.

What are the benefits of using a sprinkler irrigation system? Sprinkler irrigation systems provide uniform water distribution, conserve water, save time, reduce labor costs, and can be automated to water at optimal times, helping maintain healthy landscapes and gardens.

Are there different types of sprinkler irrigation systems? Yes, there are several types, including fixed spray, rotary, drip, and impact sprinklers. Each type is designed for different applications and water coverage needs.

How often should I water my lawn with a sprinkler system? The frequency of watering depends on the type of grass, climate, soil conditions, and season. Generally, lawns need 1 to 1.5 inches of water per week, either from rainfall or irrigation, spread over 2 to 3 watering sessions.

Can a sprinkler irrigation system save water? Yes, when properly designed and maintained, a sprinkler irrigation system can save water by delivering precise amounts directly to the areas that need it, reducing waste and runoff.

How do I maintain my sprinkler irrigation system? Regular maintenance includes checking for leaks, cleaning or replacing clogged nozzles, adjusting sprinkler heads for proper coverage, testing the controller and timer, and winterizing the system if you live in a freezing climate.

What should I do if my sprinkler system has low water pressure? Low water pressure can be caused by several factors, such as leaks, clogged pipes, or incorrect settings. Inspect the system for any visible issues, check the water supply line, and consider contacting a professional for a thorough inspection.

Can I install a sprinkler irrigation system myself? While it is possible for DIY enthusiasts to install a basic system, professional installation is recommended to ensure proper design, efficiency, and long-term performance, especially for larger or more complex landscapes.

How much does it cost to install a sprinkler irrigation system? The cost varies depending on the size of the area, type of system, materials, and labor. On average, a residential sprinkler system installation can range from $1,500 to $5,000 or more.

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