Types of Electrical Wires and Cables

Published April 15,

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Electrical wire and cable must be sized and installed correctly to pass an electrical inspection and keep electricity running safely through your home. This guide will teach you the difference between types of electrical wires and types of electrical cables. You’ll also learn how to choose between electrical cables and wires for your projects.

Safety Tip: The National Electrical Code (NEC) and local building codes regulate the types of electrical wires and cable that can be installed in specific electrical applications.

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Table of Contents

1. Difference Between Wire vs. Cable

2. Wire Labeling

3. Wire Material

4. Maximum Voltage Rating

5. Wire Colors

6. Gauge

Difference Between Wire vs. Cable

While the terms wire and cable are often used interchangeably, technically a wire is one electrical conductor and a cable is multiple conductors, or a group of wires, encased in sheathing.

Electric wires are typically made of aluminum or copper. They are either bare or insulated and typically covered in a thin layer of thermoplastic. If they have a thermoplastic sheath, then the thermoplastic is colored to indicate whether the wire is a neutral, ground or hot wire in your electrical installation. We discuss wire colors in a section of this guide.

Cables contain at least a neutral wire, ground wire and hot wire that are twisted or bonded together. Depending on its purpose, the cable may contain more wires. The wires in a cable are insulated in their own color-coded layer of thermoplastic. The group of wires is then encased in an outer sheath to make up the single cable.

Wire Labeling

The most common types of electrical wires used in residential applications are usually nylon coated thermoplastic with a high-heat resistance. Wires are labeled with the THHN/THWN, material, maximum voltage rating and gauge.

• THHN/THWN

Here’s what the letters stand for:

T – Thermoplastic insulation

H – Heat resistant

HH – High heat resistance up to 194 degrees Fahrenheit

W – Rated for wet locations

N – Nylon-coated to resist damage from oil or gasoline

X – Synthetic polymer, flame-resistant

THHN is made for temperatures up to 75 degrees Celsius. THWN can usually handle higher temperatures in both dry and wet conditions.

Wire Material

Most wire will be marked “CU” for copper, the most common conductor of residential electricity. Because electricity travels on the outside of copper wire, these wires are insulated to protect against fire and shock.

Aluminum wire is more conductive than copper wire, but it also degrades faster. For this reason, aluminum wire typically isn’t used in homes. Older wire could be aluminum or copper-clad aluminum. To comply with NEC guidelines, aluminum wire should only be installed by a professional electrician.

Maximum Voltage Rating

The maximum voltage rating will be a number such as 600, which indicates the maximum voltage the wire can carry. The average household voltage is 120 to 240 volts.

To calculate the maximum wattage a wire or cable can hold, multiply amperage by voltage. Amps x Voltage = Watts.

• Amperage: strength of an electrical current
• Voltage: electrical force needed to drive a current between two points
• Wattage: amount of electricity used

Wire Colors

A wire’s color tells you the purpose of the wire. The NEC references the white conductor as the grounded conductor, the green or bare as the equipment grounding conductor, and the other colors as the ungrounded conductors. Typically, white wire is neutral wire and green or bare wire is ground wire. Any other color is usually a hot wire that carries an electrical current.

• White insulation: Typically considered neutral but can sometimes be used as a hot lead in certain situations, such as switch loops. In existing wiring jobs, white wires may also be marked with black or red to indicate that it’s now a hot wire.
• Green insulation and bare copper: Ground wire.
• Black insulation: Hot wire for switches and outlets.
• Red insulation: Hot wire for switch legs and hardwired smoke detectors.
• Blue/Yellow insulation: Hot wire pulled through a conduit.

Safety Tip: Always test wires with a volt checker. A neutral can be just as dangerous as a hot wire. It still has the potential to electrocute you. It can also "ground out" and electrify any metal it meets. Treat every wire as though it’s a hot wire. If you have any uncertainty as to whether a white wire is used as neutral or hot in a project, check with a professional electrician.

Gauge

The wire gauge indicates the electrical wire sizing, as defined by the American Wire (AWG) system. The most common gauges are 10, 12 or 14. The gauge and diameter of the wire are inversely related. In other words, as the gauge number gets higher, the diameter of the wire gets smaller. For example, a 10-gauge wire is bigger than a 12-gauge wire. Larger wires can carry more amperage and wattage than smaller wires.

Tip: If a project calls for longer lengths of wire (such as 80 or more feet from the breaker), increase the gauge size to ensure that enough electricity can pass through it.

Recommended Amperage Loads

The below electrical wire sizing shows both the recommended and the most common wire gauges. Here are the recommended uses for each gauge.

Wire and Cable Gauge: 14-gauge

• Recommended 80 Percent Wattage Load: watts (120 volts)
• Max Wattage Load: watts (120 volts)
• Recommended for common residential wiring: Light fixtures, household receptacles

Wire and Cable Gauge: 12-gauge

• Amps: 20
• Recommended 80 Percent Wattage Load: watts (120 volts), watts (240 volts)
• Max Wattage Load: watts (120 volts), watts (240 volts)
• Common residential wiring: Light fixtures, household receptacles, small appliances

Wire and Cable Gauge: 10-gauge

• Amps: 30
• Recommended 80 Percent Wattage Load: watts (120 volts), watts (240 volts)
• Max Wattage Load: watts (120 volts), watts (240 volts)
• Large household appliances: Window air conditioner units, clothes dryers

Wire and Cable Gauge: 8-gauge

• Amps: 40
• Recommended 80 Percent Wattage Load: watts (240 volts)
• Max Wattage Load: watts (240 volts)
• Large household appliances: Electric ranges, central air conditioning

Wire and Cable Gauge: 6-gauge

• Amps: 55
• Recommended 80 Percent Wattage Load: watts (240 volts)
• Max Wattage Load: watts (240 volts)
• Large household appliances: Central air conditioning, electric furnace

Cable Labeling

All the information you need to know about a type of cable is printed on its sheathing. Use the following to determine if a cable is right for a project:

• Type: Will list the type of cable, such as NM-B or UF.
• Gauge: The gauge of the individual wires inside the cable, such as 14, 12, 10 and more.
• Number of wires: This number follows gauge. For example, 14/2 indicates that there are two 14-gauge wires (a ground wire, if part of the cable, is not included in this number) within the cable.
• Grounding: The word “GROUND” or the letter “G” indicates the presence of a ground wire.
• Voltage rating: The most common rating for residential use is 600 volts, but this can vary. The number indicates the maximum voltage the cable can safely carry.
• UL: Indicates that the cable is safety-certified and approved for use by Underwriters Laboratories.

Types of Electrical Cables for Houses & Buildings

There are several different types of electrical cables. Each have their own specific purposes and applications. Below are common types of electrical cables used in homes and businesses:

NM-B Cable

• “NM” stands for non-metallic, which refers to the flexible, typically thermoplastic sheathing surrounding the cable. “B” indicates a heat rating of 194 degrees Fahrenheit, ensuring that its interior wires can operate at certain levels without overheating.
• Most common form of indoor residential electrical wiring.
• Inside the sheathing are at least two thermoplastic insulated wires of the same gauge, though different cables can have different gauges.
• For indoor use only, in spaces free from moisture and away from any heat sources. Do not bury or run outside of a wall.
• Best used behind walls and ceilings and inside floor cavities.

UF Cable

If you are looking for more details, kindly visit household distribution wire.

• "UF” stands for underground feeder; rated for in-ground and damp-area installation.
• Looks like an NM-B cable, but the wires are embedded as a group in solid thermoplastic (rather than individually encased in flexible thermoplastic).
• Like an NM cable, UF cable comes in a variety of gauges to meet all electrical code requirements and is labeled with the same information carried on NM cable, plus the designation UF.

AC

• “AC” means armored cable. Also known as “BX”.
• Consists of insulated hot and neutral wires and a bare bonding wire, all wrapped in paper.
• Wire enclosed in metal sheathing that acts as the grounding conductor.
• Relatively expensive and difficult to work with.
• Often found in older homes but not used in new builds.
• For indoor use only.

Metal-Clad Cable

• Similar to AC, but wires are wrapped in plastic instead of paper.
• Has green grounding wire because its metal sheathing can’t be used as a ground.
• For indoor use only.
• Not often used in residential applications.

Types of Electrical Cables for Electronics, Lamps & More

Coaxial Cable

• Usually called “co-ax.”
• Metallic cable often used to carry television signals and connect video equipment.
• Features central wire conductor covered with a dielectric or non-conducting insulator. The insulator is surrounded by mesh or a metal sheath and covered by a thin plastic layer for protection.

HDMI Cable

• Rubber cable often used to transmit digital video, multi-channel surround audio and advanced control data through a single cable.
• An all-digital, audio-video interface which carries signals in uncompressed format.
• Cost-effective.
• HDMI connector types: Type A/B are defined in the HDMI 1.0 specification, type C is defined in the HDMI 1.3 specification and type D/E is defined in the HDMI 1.4 specification.

Speaker Cable

• Used to make the electrical connection between loudspeakers and audio amplifiers.
• A zip-cord type of electrical cable where two or more electrical conductors are individually insulated in a plastic or rubber that can be easily pulled apart.

Category 5e Cable

• Usually called “cat-5e” or ethernet cable.
• Industry standard for unshielded twisted-pair cables (UTP) for connecting , computer, home automation and A/V networks.
• Copper cabling typically consists of 4 pairs of wire (8 total conductors) wrapped in a single jacket.

Lamp Wire

• SPT-1 and SPT-2 is intended for use in small household appliances, including lamps, clocks and fans.
• Not subject to hard usage.
• SPT-1 and SPT-2 conductors are rated for use up to 105 degrees Celsius.

Landscape Cable

• May be used as low-voltage (low-energy) underground.
• Security and outdoor accent lighting applications.
• Not to exceed 150 volts when installed as specified by the National Electrical Code® (NEC) and other applicable standards.
• Sunlight and UV resistant.
• Suitable for direct burial.
• For use at temperatures between -20 degrees Celsius and 60 degrees Celsius.
• Copper conductors.

Sprinkler System Cable

• May be used for connecting field and central controls up to 30 volts.
• Available with 4, 5, 7 or 10 copper conductors and in 50-, 100- and 500-foot lengths.
• Sunlight resistant and suitable for underground applications.
• Insulation rated at 60 degrees Celsius.

Tip: Both NM and AC cable require special cutting tools that cut the sheathing but not the internal wires. They also require bushings inserted in the ends to prevent the sharp edges of the metal from damaging the wires. Special electrical boxes and connectors are also required.

Knowing how to tell the difference between types of electrical wires and cables ensures that your home's power supply operates at peak efficiency and safety. Check with your local building inspector before starting any electrical wiring and cable project. Be sure to obtain required permits and have them inspected for compliance with local codes once complete. Need help identifying a tool or material? Find products fast with image search in The Home Depot Mobile App. Snap a picture of an item you like and we'll show you similar products.

Best Wire for House Wiring & How to Choose One

There are some elements that are crucial to optimize electricity connections in your home. Some of the electrical equipment in your house would be really difficult to use without electrical power. The two crucial parts that are essential to electricity are wires and cables. These wires and cables make sure there is a constant supply of electricity to keep things running properly.

The best quality electric wires for house selection is essential for a variety of reasons. When it comes to electrical cables and wires, you have to keep in mind that safety comes first. Wires can be made of different shapes and are constructed of a variety of different materials. Any electrical system depends on wires and cables, and if they do not work properly, they can cause tragic consequences. In order to get around this problem, we are going to provide you with some advice on how to choose the right wires and cables for your home.

Wire Insulation’s Colour:

For the three phases, choose insulation in the colours red, yellow, and blue. Earth wire is made of green while the neutral wire is made of black. Three-phase best electric wires for homes often come in:
Phase 1 : RED.
Phase 2 : YELLOW.
Phase 3 : Blue.
Earth : Green.
Neutral : BLACK.

When there are numerous wires going together, coloured insulation can help you distinguish between them. The wired network can maintain organisation by using designated cables for various applications.

Wire Insulation Must Be Checked:

Select a three-layered electric wire for house wiring. The first layer of the three layers provides water resistance, the second layer provides heat or high-temperature resistance, and the third layer provides fire retardant properties. Additionally, the insulation should be capable of withstanding a temperature of plus 100 °C without melting. The safe and secure operation of your home’s electrical system depends on this component.

A Megger tester is used to assess insulation resistance. This is a portable device that resembles an ohmmeter in many ways and has a built-in generator for creating a DC voltage. The voltage, which is typically at least 500V, causes a current to flow across the insulation’s surface.

Select The Correct Cable Size:

The decision of cable size is influenced by three variables. Voltage control comes first. Second, current carrying capability and short circuit rating. Before selecting a cable size, consider these factors! Voltage regulation and short circuit rating are frequently ignored. This oversight may put your property in danger and harm the cable itself.

The most typical sizes used in residential construction are 12 and 14 gauge. By using the incorrect gauge of wire, heat resistance is created, which can soon become a fire hazard. Notably, each cable is made to support a particular level of voltage that is suited for a particular purpose. If you use a wire that is of the wrong size, it can end up melting because of the high current flow.

Choose The Material Of High Quality:

In general, copper and aluminium are used to make electrical wires and cables. However, you should only choose copper cables when choosing wires for your property. Additionally, select multi-stranded wires rather than single-stranded wires. In addition, the ISI mark, which denotes excellent quality, must be present on the electrical wire. The high-quality cables will be durable and safe, allowing you to both save money and safeguard your property.

You should always choose branded electrical products because they provide the highest level of safety and quality. It is advised to choose the appropriate type of wire for the appropriate area because you will be spending a sizable sum of money installing an electrical wire system for your home. For instance, different types of wires and cables are needed for exterior lines versus underground wiring.

Determine the Electrical Load:

Understanding the electrical load is crucial for ensuring both safety and efficient power distribution. To determine the electrical load, list all the electrical appliances and devices in your home, including lights, fans, air conditioners, refrigerators, TVs, computers, kitchen appliances, and any other devices that require electricity. Next, check the wattage rating of each appliance to understand the capacity required for each circuit.

Check Local Electrical Codes:

Familiarize yourself with local electrical codes and regulations. These codes outline the minimum requirements for wire size, insulation, grounding, and installation methods in house wiring. Adhering to these standards ensures safety and compliance. To fully understand the requirements, consult your local electrician.

Consider Special Requirements:

When selecting electric wires for your home, it’s important to identify special wiring needs for different areas. Kitchens and bathrooms, for example, require wires with higher insulation and moisture resistance due to exposure to water. Outdoor areas may need UV-resistant and weatherproof wiring. Understanding these specific needs ensures safety and durability in your home’s electrical system. For more tips on how to choose electric wire for a house, consider consulting local codes and professional advice.

Types of Electrical Wires for Home Wiring

• Non-Metallic Sheathed Cable:

  Non-Metallic Sheathed Cable (NM cable) is widely used for indoor residential wiring, offering an easy-to-install solution for connecting outlets, switches, and light fixtures. It contains insulated conductors and a ground wire, all enclosed in a flexible, non-metallic sheath. Its benefits include cost-effectiveness, flexibility, and suitability for most general-purpose wiring needs in dry, protected areas.

• Armored Cable:

  Armored cable, also known as BX or AC cable, features a metal casing that provides extra protection for the wires inside, making it ideal for use in walls, exposed areas, or outdoor locations. It’s commonly used where added durability and resistance to physical damage are needed. This cable is especially useful in commercial and industrial settings but can also be applied in residential projects requiring enhanced wire protection.

• Underground Feeder Cable:

  Underground Feeder (UF) cable is designed for direct burial without the need for additional conduit, making it ideal for outdoor wiring projects such as garden lighting or connecting outbuildings. It features heavy-duty insulation that resists moisture, UV radiation, and other environmental factors. This cable is commonly used where the wiring must be buried directly in the ground.

• Individual Wires in Conduit:

  Individual wires, such as THHN or THWN, are often used in conduit for flexible wiring solutions. They are ideal for areas where wiring needs to be routed through tight spaces or exposed to varying environmental conditions. Using conduit protects these wires from physical damage, moisture, and other external factors, ensuring a safe and durable installation.

• Low-Voltage Wiring:

  Low-voltage wiring is used for systems like home automation, security cameras, doorbells, and landscape lighting, requiring less power than standard electrical wiring. Its benefits include enhanced safety due to lower electrical risk, energy efficiency, and the ability to support advanced technological systems within a home. Low-voltage wiring is also easier to install and maintain, making it a popular choice for modern homes.

• Coaxial Cable:

  Coaxial cable is primarily used in home wiring for transmitting high-frequency signals, such as those for cable TV, internet, and digital audio connections. Its design, featuring a central conductor surrounded by insulation and a shielding layer, minimizes signal interference and ensures reliable data transmission. The benefits include superior signal quality, durability, and ease of installation.

Choose The Material Of High Quality:

In general, copper and aluminium are used to make electrical wires and cables. However, you should only choose copper cables when choosing wires for your property. Additionally, select multi-stranded wires rather than single-stranded wires. In addition, the ISI mark, which denotes excellent quality, must be present on the electrical wire. The high-quality cables will be durable and safe, allowing you to both save money and safeguard your property.

You should always choose branded electrical products because they provide the highest level of safety and quality. It is advised to choose the appropriate type of wire for the appropriate area because you will be spending a sizable sum of money installing an electrical wire system for your home. For instance, different types of wires and cables are needed for exterior lines versus underground wiring.

Quality Electric Wire Characteristics

Here are the top 4 wire characteristics to watch out for before selection:

• Current Cable Capacity:

  There are several aspects of the cable installation like the temperature of the ground or the air which can affect the wire’s ability to carry electricity. Therefore, it is quite indispensable to pick only high-quality power cable that is strong. This will guarantee that the wires can perform well under all conditions.

• Energy Efficiency & Resilience:

  The durability of the wires and cables is yet another crucial aspect. Every safe house wiring system should meet or exceed the National Electrical Code’s specifications. An energy waste, excessive voltage drop, and hot cables should all be avoided in any system. Overloaded circuits can be found without a fire or appliance failure. Therefore, use only the best electric wire for house for ultimate quality.

• Aluminum vs. Copper:

  Unquestionably, copper is a greater conductor of electricity. Of all non-precious metals, copper certainly has the highest conductivity rating. There are a total of 3 considerations when considering the concept of conductivity. They are the insulation type, cable’s size, and resistance. The conductivity of aluminum is only 61% of that of copper.

• On Electrical Wires, Armor:

  Experts need to safeguard electrical lines to prevent any physical harm to the conductors. Steel wires or tape that boost strength and protect the wires and cables from physical harm are typically used in armor wire construction guaranteeing safety. Underground installations, power and auxiliary control cables for cable ducts, outdoor and interior applications, and electrical power networks all make use of wire armor cables.

Every company must remember to take care of the environment as times change. Every item that a company produces ought to be environmentally friendly. The best wires for homes are lead-free and emit no hazardous fumes or gases, making them safe for installation and in line with the company’s commitment to environmental responsibility.

Almost all wires and cable manufacturers must undergo a great deal of testing and trials in order to receive an ISI mark, which allows them to provide the best wire for homes. Finding the right wiring for your house can be difficult in a country like India. The battle to provide the best quality electric wire for houses is fiercely competitive.

Contact us to discuss your requirements of Shielded Cable. Our experienced sales team can help you identify the options that best suit your needs.

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